Why You Need Comparison and Contrast Essay Samples

Why You Need Comparison and Contrast Essay SamplesComparison and Contrast essay samples are really necessary to get the best out of your essays. Many writers don't have much knowledge on writing an essay, but still want to try their hand at this particular topic. This may not be the most ideal way to go about it, though.Consider this: once you take one of these examples and use it, it goes a long way in helping you learn the skill of writing. The material may be different from what you're used to, but it will still help you know how to form your thoughts, if you know what they are like to begin with. Remember, you may not understand a certain thing the first time you read it.All good essays are based on some kind of similarities or contrasts, as they were supposed to illustrate a similar topic. This is what makes the differences so glaring. If you're going to study these examples, make sure that they are based on something that you're familiar with. You need to be able to really rela te with it, and be able to understand what the writer is trying to say.Comparison and contrast essay samples are also very helpful because they teach you about sentences and paragraphs, which are vital in creating the best essay possible. They will help you learn the differences between these and how to put them together for better results. Also, there are a lot of other factors that they can help you with, like a topic's structure, tone, and language.Having all these things under your belt is crucial, especially in choosing which essay samples to use. It can be difficult to figure out what they are, which is why using the best one that you can get your hands on is really important. Make sure that you try a few different ones, too, so that you'll know which ones will help you the most.If you're not comfortable with these, you can always turn to the Internet, where you'll find that a lot of good Comparison and Contrast essay samples are posted. There's even a way to write yourself an essay using a combination of these materials. You'll just have to prepare the template on your own.You could do this by finding examples of your own compositions, and copy and pasting them into the essay. You might be thinking, 'Why would I want to do that?' Well, it won't cost you anything, since you won't be paying for anything.I know that it can be very intimidating to think about writing different things. However, the more you do it, the more comfortable you'll get with it, and you'll eventually get a real feel for it.

Definition and Examples of Hyponyms in English

In linguistics  and lexicography, hyponym is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class. For instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also called a  subtype  or a  subordinate term. The adjective is hyponymic. The term is pronounced HI-po-nim (with the emphasis on the first syllable), and its etymology from the Greek, below plus name. Words that are hyponyms of the same broader term (that is, a hypernym) are called co-hyponyms. The semantic relationship between each of the more specific words (such as daisy and rose) and the broader term (flower)  is called hyponymy or inclusion. Hyponymy is not restricted to nouns. The verb to see, for example, has several  hyponyms—glimpse, stare, gaze, ogle, and so on.  In Language: Its Structure and Use, Edward Finnegan points out that although hyponymy is found in all languages, the concepts that have words in hyponymic relationships vary from one language to the next. Examples and Observations Hyponymy is a less familiar term to most people than either synonymy or antonymy, but it refers to a much more important sense relation. It describes what happens when we say An X is a kind of Y—A daffodil is a kind of flower, or simply, A daffodil is a flower. – David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003 Hyponyms of Red [L]et us consider words that have a similar meaning because they belong to the same segment of a domain. For instance, the words pink, scarlet,  orange, hot pink, and pumpkin . . .  are all more marked, specific terms for colors that derive from the color red...These words share many of the semantic properties of the word red. Because these words form a subclass of the word red, they are referred to as hyponyms of red. Similarly, maple, birch, and pine are hyponyms of tree...Hyponyms are  more specific words that constitute a subclass of a more general word. – Bruce M. Rowe and Diane P. Levine,  A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 4th ed.  Routledge, 2016 A Test for Hyponymy Hyponymy involves specific instantiations of a more general concept such as holds between horse and animal or vermillion and red or buy and get. In each case, one word provides a more specific type of concept than is displayed by the other. The more specific word is called a hyponym and the more general word is the superordinate which may also be referred to as a hyperonym or hypernym...Where the words being classified according to this relation are nouns, one can test for hyponymy by replacing X and Y in the frame X is a kind of Y and seeing if the result makes sense. So we have (A) horse is a kind of animal but not (An) animal is a kind of horse and so on. – Ronnie Cann, Sense Relations. Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language and Meaning, Vol. 1, ed. by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner. Walter de Gruyter, 2011 Inclusion In general, there are a number of hyponyms for each superordinate. For example, boar and piglet are also hyponyms of the superordinate pig, since the meaning of each of the three words sow, boar, and piglet contains the meaning of the word pig. (Note that in defining a word like sow, boar, or piglet, the superordinate word pig is often used as part of the definition: A sow is an adult female pig.) Thus, it is not surprising that hyponymy is sometimes referred to as inclusion. The superordinate is the included word and the hyponym is the including one. – Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, Linguistics for Non-Linguists. Allyn and Bacon, 1994 Hierarchical Relationships and Multiple Layers House is a hyponym of the superordinate building, but building is in turn, a hyponym of the superordinate structure, and, in its turn, structure is a hyponym of the superordinate thing. A superordinate at a given level can itself be a hyponym at a higher level. – Patrick Griffiths, An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh University Press, 2006 ​Hyponyms and hypernyms have multiple layers, as in the following examples, where fry is a hyponym of the hypernym cook, but fry itself is a hypernym for some other types of frying:Hypernym: cookHyponyms: bake, boil,  grill, fry, steam, roastHypernym:  fryHyponyms:  stir-fry, pan-fry,  sautà ©, deep-fry – Michael Israel, Semantics: How Language Makes Sense. How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by  Carol Genetti. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Recent law in Iran - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3064 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Information Essay Did you like this example? MEMORANDUM To Anna Neistat Senior Director of Amnesty International à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recent law in Iran Regarding Contraceptive Measures; Proposed Strategies and Course of Actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Summery Everybody has the right to decide about his/her body without external interference. This right includes decisions regarding the pregnancy and contraceptive measures. In other words, generally no one can impose binding norms on citizens about childbearing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Recent law in Iran" essay for you Create order Besides that, governments not only should not violate this human right but also have the responsibility to protect the citizens against any interference in implementing this right. However, abortion has been a deep rooted problem in Iran. Even before Islamic revolution abortion was not totally permitted in Iran. But after revolution of 1979 the new law became more conservative and limited regarding abortion. Furthermore, recently a law was passed in Iranian parliament that highly limits the pregnancy preventive measures. It even considers criminal punishment for citizens who use these measures. Clearly, this law can make the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation even worse. More explicitly, the number of clandestine and illegal abortion will increase since in many cases the pregnancy is unwanted. Even if the general policy is increasing the birth rate, restricting access to preventive measures is not acceptable. Amnesty international should use its strategies to prevent the con tinuing human rights violation in Iran in this particular filed. We had already struggled against abortion ban in El Salvador. I wish that by the strategies that are proposed here we could at least draw the international attention to this problem. Introduction and Problem Definition Iran recently (in July 2014) adopted a law titled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increasing fertility and helping to prevent the decline in growth of populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Many articles of this law explicitly violate the international human rights standards. Everybody has basic and fundamental human rights to make his/her decisions about his/her body, health and sexual life. In other words the autonomy should be respected in every situation. However in above mentioned law it is predicted that abortion, sterilization, vasectomy, tubectomy and any advertisements on birth limitation is prohibited and even the imprisonment is included as a punishment. Actually this law is adopted following the general policy of Iranian state to increase the population and birth rate. Under the existing law even if a woman be pregnant as a result of rape she still doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the right to an abortion. In this law even the suitable age for marriage for both boys and girls is determined. Wit h regard to this law 20-25 years old and 18-22 are the appreciate ages for boys and girls respectably. In 1976, the Iranian Penal Code was amended. According to this new law a physician was allowed to perform an abortion under restrict conditions. In other words, couple should present evidence for a justified abortion. Surprisingly and after Islamic revolution in1984, the Supreme Council for Policy Making in Health, Curative Services and Medical Education proposed some conditions under which the abortion was legitimated and the aim was to maintain the welfare of both mother and child. Almost contrary to what is taken today, in 1989, due to the high number of birth after Iran-Iraq war the policy became I favor of contraceptive measures to finally reduce the rate of childbirth to 2.3 percent. Not surprisingly, this programme was considerably successful. Another positive step after revolution is the ratification of Therapeutic Abortion Act in 2005. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Act, whi ch was passed at a public session of the Iranian Parliament on May 31, 2005 and approved by the Guardian Council on June 15, 2005 after vigorous debate permits therapeutic abortion on the recommendation of three gynecological experts and confirmation by the Legal Medicine Organization. The Act allows for therapeutic abortion with the motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent during the first four months of pregnancy in the event of fetal malformation or retardation or threat to the life of the mother, with the physician performing the abortion is indemnified against any future civil or criminal penaltiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Despite this fertility decline many pregnancies are reported as being unwanted or mistimed. While the total fertility rate of Iran dramatically declined from 5.3 children per woman in 1988 to 2.0 in 2000, unintended pregnancies accounted for 34 percent of all pregnancies in the whole country, with 16 percent as unwanted and 18 percent mistimedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Two decades after Iran initiated an effective birth control programme, including subsidized male sterilization surgeries and free condom distribution, the country is to make a U-turn. Last year the supreme leader,Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, criticized existing policy on contraception, describing it as an imitation of western lifestyle. He has urged the government to tackle what he believes to be an ageing population and to double the number of people in Iran from 77 million to at least 150 millionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[3]It is clear that this limitation will conclude to hidden abortion that in most of the time is dangerous for motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health. As it was mentioned before the number of abortion in Iran is two high despite many legal barriers. On the one hand, the number of sexual relation out of marriage is considerably increased and on the other hand there is not still enough knowledge about contraception among young mothers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ira nian policy will be clearer concerning Iranian position regarding the recent draft on the right of child in 21 November 2014. Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s representative did not accept paragraph 5 of the draft that appoints the General Assembly would urge Governments to promote and protect the human rights of all women and girls, including, among other things, their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[4] Issue Analysis Unfortunately, in Iran, women and girls are held to sever gender stereotypes and expectations that consider them just as mothers who should stay at home and look after their children. The aim of this approach is to limit and isolate women from active participation in the society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Under international human rights law all states have the responsibility to protect without any discrimination. Namely, if the state protects the bodily integrity and liberty of some people, the state is obligated to provide protection to others who are similarly situated. When harm results from a fetus, that harm similarly situates a woman to other people who have suffered harm to their bodily integrity and liberty. The state does act to protect people from harm in most situations; hence, the state is obligated to act to stop harm to a womans bodily integrity and liberty resulting from the fetus. The states refusal to fund abortions as the necessary means to stop that harm is thus an unc onstitutional deprivation of equal protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[5] An overview to activities that have been done to solve the problem Generally, while international human rights NGOs paid much attention to womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran there is almost no serious work regarding abortion ban in this country. For instance, Human Rights Watch has already focused on the legal situation of abortion in Spain, Argentina and Ireland. In Amnesty International also we have studied about El Salvador but not Iran. This is also true about FIDH that did not do any investigation regarding abortion in Iran. As a result, not only there has not been complete and detailed international study regarding abortion in Iran but also this issue is almost neglected in internal debates concerning womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. To sum up, except some sporadic efforts, as far as our research shows there is no serious and continues activity regarding abortion in Iran. Even when International human rights organizations talk about womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran they rarely refer to their right to their bodies. In other wor ds, this aspect of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights in Iran is neglected and may be that explains why parliament can pass this law almost easily. Proposed Solutions and Strategic Recommendation Our policy goal is to draw public opinion attention on this issue and put Iran under international pressure, so the government will change or amend the law. As an Amnesty Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s staff I present here some strategies that can improve situation and prevent continuing human rights violation. Before explaining the main content, I should mention that all the three strategies should be followed in the same time. In other words, for achieving our goal, that is law amendment, Amnesty should consider all its potential capacities to change the situation and prevent human rights violation. Fact gathering, documentation and distribution of information First, it should be mentioned that Amnesty Internationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy was to establish a research office in London to identify and gather information on individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“prisoners of conscienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Amnesty would then distribute information worldwide about them and the abuses they suffered. Based on this historical mission I would suggest documentation and distribution of information worldwide as the most important and primary strategy. In this regard the global campaign My Body, My Rights, is the best tool. This campaign recognized making decisions about health, body sexuality and reproductive life as a basic human right. This campaign aims to help ensure that everyone has access to their sexual and reproductive rights and to stop criminalization of sexuality and reproduction by governments. Within the framework of the campaign we will try to improve the knowledge of Iranian womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about their rights. The campaign alre ady works on the El Salvadorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case. We may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“take actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  about Iran as we already did in the El Salvador issue. It means we should first gather facts and start documentation then email petitions and do other online actions. The most important point here is that there is currently no Amnesty International office in Iran which makes the work more complicated and difficult. However we do have Amnesty members and supporters based there. It is important to have someone who read the law and translate it correctly. The other important source of information which can play a key role here is interviewing victims. We should assure them that they will be unanimous and that their cooperation has a key role in preventing continuous violation. They can give us the most credible information. For implementing the interviews we should also keep in touch with local activist. We call on young people across the globe and Amnesty activists to engage, alongside international partners, to speak out and demand that the sexual and reproductive rights of young people are protected, respected and fulfilled. However in following this strategy we should bear in mind that our practical experience during years shows that Iranian government is not always concern about the international perception of its human rights situation. As a result it may be pay no attention to the vast demand to change its law. What I suggest here is to mobilize Iranian civil society and help them to improve the awareness among women. Public opinion inevitably plays an important role in Iran. In other words we try to attract international attention and at the same time help internal NGOs to inform society of the negative points of this law and the dangerous consequences. In this regard it is so important to avoid any direct connection with Iranian NGOs. As a result, partnership with local campaigning group is almost impossible. We can inform them through our website. We can prepare reports and analysis and widely publish them. Besides that, there are numerous international human rights NGOs outside the country that focus particularly on Iran while their activity in Iran is illegal.[6] For preparing reports and educational text we can ask for their active participation particularly if they have lawyers among their staff. To ensure the maximum efficiency I suggest the translation of reports and womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights education texts related to Iran, into Persian. Most NGOs in Iran do not have enough budgets to benefit from a professional translator. Playing an active role in the UPR process The continued attention of the international community is required to achieve the ultimate goal. Universal Periodic Review is a good opportunity to take international attention to human rights violation in Iran. While states are encourage to undertake broad consultation at the national level with all relevant stakeholders (including NGOs) in order to gather the information they intend to submit to the UPR, Iranian government eliminate independent NGOs from this process. In other words it is not possible for Amnesty International to take part in the national consultations. It is more than 35 years that we could not send any delegation to Iran although we have tried many times. In the context of specific country reviews under the Universal Periodic Review, Amnesty International provides information about the situation of human rights in the countries under review and makes recommendations to the governments concerned to address key human rights challenges as well as strength en the process of the review. In this context direct lobbying can be an effective activity. As a result we should try other ways to engage in this process. First, we can submit information about unpleasant outcomes of this law. Then as I mentioned earlier, what I propose is lobby governments to make recommendations to Iran to address amendment to this law as we may not make intervention in the sessions of the UPR Working Group. We can meet with government representatives of the Member States of the Council, who may be inspired by our questions and recommendations ahead of and during UPR session. It is through these informal means that our recommendations and questions may influence the UPR proceedings and outcome. In my point of view, this action is necessary and can be the most effective one. We meet powerful governments in UPR revision so by direct lobbing we should convince them to include human rights issue in their mutual relations with Iran. In other words, Iranian of ficials should understand that by gross human rights violations they will lose economic benefits. I think this is the best way to oblige a government to follow human rights standards as Iranian government is almost indifferent about its international image. Write for rights Every year, around Human Rights Day on 10 December, hundreds of thousands of people around the world send a message to someone theyve never met. Letter writing has always been at the core of Amnestys work, and 53 years of human rights activism show that letters really do have the power to change lives. Amnesty Internationals annual Write For Rights campaign is the largest grassroots letter-writing effort in the world. By participating in write a letter during Write for Rights 2014, everyone can help change a life. We need people to take action and oblige Iranian government to respected, protected and fulfilled. Today, Amnesty members, activists and supporters have added tweets, Facebook posts, and online messages to letter writing. We have been doing this for 50 years because it works. This year it will start on December first and will last until 17 December. It is such a unique opportunity to include Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case among others. We should include Iran in Write for Rights event by describing the law asks people to write a letter to Iranian Parliament to amend or abolish the law and decriminalize doing contraceptive measures. In my point of view, this is a unique chance to make the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s voice be heard worldwide. First we should use the facts that have been gathered before writing the letter. It is important to indicate the facts and figures in the sample letter to emphasis the depth of the problem. However what I propose here is to make short animation (maximum 2 minutes) explaining the situations of victim instead of just write about it. Thus we can attract more attention as people can deeply understand the situation. Here is the draft of the suggested letter:[7] President of Islamic Republic of Iran Hasan Rouhani President office, Pastour Avenue, Tehran Iran Dear President Rouhani, I am deeply concerned that thousands of women and girls are being denied their human rights as a result of Iranà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law that ban the abortion. I particularly declare my concern regarding the law that was adopted in July 2014 that bans all forms of contraceptive measures. Clearly this law violates the integrity and autonomy of both men and women and will have numerous unpleasant outcomes. This law would cause a rise in the number of clandestine and unhealthy abortions which may put in danger womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fundamental right to life. I call on you to urgently decriminalize abortion by eliminating all punitive measures for women and girls seeking an abortion, as well as for the health care providers and others who help them to have one. Finally, I ask that you ensure access to safe and legal abortion for all women and girls in Iran. As a minimum, please ensure access in cases of rape or incest, where the woman or girlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health or life is at risk, and where the fetus is unlikely to survive. The Iranian government is ultimately responsible for the resulting deaths of women and girls and for the thousands whose human rights have been violated by the ban. I look forward to hearing from you regarding this important matter. Sincerely, By conducting these three strategies I wish the problem will be resolved in Iran. We cannot expect a very quick reaction from Iranian government while human rights violation should have consequences for Iranian authorities. Iranian officials should understand that by gross human rights violations they will be under international pressure. 1 [1] Aramesh, Kiarash, The Influences of Bioethics and Islamic Jurisprudence on Policy-Making in Iran, The American Journal of Bioethics, 2007 [2] Erfani, Amir, Abortion in Iran: What do we know?, PSC Discussion Papers Series: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, 2008 [3]Now there is a draft of law under review in Iranian parliament that consider vide range of advantages for married people. According to article 9 of this law the priority in recruitment in all governmental and private sectors is dedicated to married men with children and then married men who still do not have children and at last are married women with children. Astonishingly, a single man is situated at the end of this category even when they are equal in qualifications with married men. Besides that, according to article 10 the recruitment of single professors will be forbidden in five years. [4] https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/gashc4124.doc.html [5] L. McDonagh, Eileen, My Body, My Consent: Securing The Constitutional Right To Abortion Funding, 62 Alb. L. Rev. 1057 1998-1999 [6] For instance Iran Human Rights and Iran Human Rights Documentation [7] For more information: Write For Rights sample letters, Amnesty international, 2014, available at: https://write.amnestyusa.org/resources/

The Prison Reform System Is The Main Objectives Of The...

Since the introduction of the prison systems to humanity, people have always tried to think of ways to improve upon it. Prison, is and has been seen as the primary punishment against criminal acts. But, prison is no longer seen as just a form of punishment it is also seen as a form of rehabilitation. Now, seen as the main objectives of the modern penal system. We can still incorporated new methods to effectively rehabilitate convicts and make the reintegration process for them much easier. One of these possible solutions is, prison reform. The prison reform system is great as it is a practical, effective, and successful alternative to incarceration. And with that being said, I strongly believe the prison reform system should be integrated†¦show more content†¦In these prisons inmates are treated as members of 2 society and the grounds are modeled similarly to that of a village to ease their transition back into society and insure it goes as smoothly as possible. They are housed in 112 square foot cells, and receive a private toilet, shower, unbarred windows, and a flat screen television. The minimum size acceptable in Canada is around 40% smaller. Inmates are also allowed a weekly visit to the prison supermarket where they use money earned while working in the prison. They make over $8.31 a day which is equal to 53 Norwegian krones. Inmates even have access to a kitchen where up to 10 inmates may use at the same time. In Canada inmates may only have access to the kitchen if they are part of the kitchen staff. Canadian inmates also average around $3.00 daily. By the way that was an example of a maximum security prison. A minimum security prison is similar, except everything is noticeably better. Inmates are equipped a cell key, make $9.30 daily, and may participate in activities like skiing, fishing, running, street training, tennis, horseback riding, and swimming. Guards don’t carry weapons as they believe it would adjectate inmates. And to continue with the craziness, at times minimum security prison may have as little as three guard in the 115 inmate facilities. How is any of this relevant? well in the thirty three years that this system has been used only a handful of inmates have tried escaping (none of which were

Picasso Art Essay Example For Students

Picasso Art Essay Washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life. Picasso I believe this statement to be completely true, and those who do not clearly misinterpret the true definition of art. Every individual has something that brings them comfort, whether that be painting, exercising, writing, or performing. These can all be considered acts of art, and by partaking in such activities you are truly purging yourself from the dust of everyday life. I dont paint, draw, write, or involve myself in anything that could be considered traditional art. There are however many seemingly insignificant things I do throughout the day that help maintain a positive state of mind. Actions that I do for myself to benefit only myself, personal art in a sense. I believe it is truly important to set time personal time aside in order to express yourself to yourself, thus maintaining the positive state of mind that is crucial to a productive lifestyle. If Macbeth had a burning passion for knitting instead of murder, our grade 1 gs would likely be studying a much more uplifting novel. Although everyone has a unique perception of art, true art plays a crucial role of each of our everyday lives. In fact many of us complete numerous works of art in a single day. Things that we may not perceive as traditional art but instead things that we feel an intense passion for and as a result partaking in these acts clear your mind, calm your emotions, and make you feel at ease. Take a look at our school community; we have athletes, artists, writers, musicians, and more all doing what they love, passions that wash away the dust of our everyday lives and give them the strength to persevere through the dullness of secondary school education. That is art in its truest form.

Anaerobic Pond in Wastewater Treatment free essay sample

Ambient temperatures in hot-climate countries are conducive to these anaerobic reactions and expected BOD5Â  removals for different retention times in treating sewage have been given by Mara (1976) as shown in Table 2. More recently, Gambrill et al. (1986) have suggested conservative removals of BOD5Â  in anaerobic ponds as 40% below 10Â °C, at a design loading of 100 g/m3d, and 60% above 20Â °C, at a design loading of 300 g/m3d, with linear interpolation for operating temperature between 10 and 20Â °C. Higher removal rates are possible with industrial wastes, particularly those containing significant quantities of organic settleable solids. Of course, other environmental conditions in the ponds, particularly pH, must be suitable for the anaerobic microorganisms bringing about the breakdown of BOD. Table 2. BOD removals in Anaerobic Ponds loaded at 250 g (Mara 1976) BOD5/m3d. Retention Time (days)| BOD5Â  removal %| 1| 50| 2. 5| 60| 5| 70| Anaerobic ponds are normally designed on the basis of a temperature dependent empirical value for the permissible organic loading rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Anaerobic Pond in Wastewater Treatment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Land requirements will be lowest if the maximum possible BOD loading can be applied. The upper limit of the volumetric BOD loading is determined by odor emissions and minimum pH threshold value at which the anaerobic decomposition processes cease to work. The maximum BOD loading rate acceptable to avoid odor nuisance was discussed earlier in section 3. 1. However, the effect of pH must be taken into consideration. Concentrations of H2S, which is the sulphur form responsible for odors, increases sharply as the pH drops below 7. , phenomenon which may occur if an anaerobic pond is heavily loaded or overloaded (based on a BOD loading rate criterion). Sulphide may also impede methane production in anaerobic ponds if occurring at excess concentrations. The presence of heavy metals will lead to insolubilisation of sulphides (e. g. iron sulphides). Since methanogenesis is the rate-limiting factor in anaerobic metabolism, products from the preceding acidogenesis reaction may accumulate and l ead to a pH decrease.

AIDS Case Study Essay Essays

AIDS Case Study Essay Essays AIDS Case Study Essay Essay AIDS Case Study Essay Essay Client Profile: Mr. Thomas is a 42 twelvemonth old adult male admitted to the infirmary with ailments of shortness of breath. febrility. weariness and unwritten thrush. The wellness attention supplier reviews the research lab and diagnostic trials with Mr. Thomas and informs him he has pneumonia and is HIV positive. Mr. Thomas believes that he contracted HIV while involved in an matter with another adult female three old ages ago. He is afraid to state his married woman. cognizing she will be angry and that she may go forth him. Case Study: The nurse assigned to care for Mr. Thomas reads in the medical record ( chart ) that he learned two yearss ago he was HIV positive. There is a note in the record that indicates that Mr. Thomas has non told his married woman the diagnosing. To finish a functional wellness form appraisal. the nurse asks Mr. Thomas if he may inquire him a few inquiries. Mr. Thomas is willing and in the class of their conversation portions with the nurse that he believes that he contracted the HIV during an matter with another adult female. He states. â€Å"How can I state my married woman about this? I am so ashamed. It is bad plenty that I had an matter. but to hold to state her in this manner – I merely don’t think I can. She is non ill at all. I will merely state I have pneumonia and take the medicine my wellness attention supplier gave me. I do non desire my married woman of anyone else to cognize. If she begins to demo marks of non experiencing good. so I will state her. I merely can’t tell anyone. What will people believe of me if they know I have AIDS? † 1. Briefly discuss how the HIV is transmitted and how it is non. How can Mr. Thomas prevent the transmittal of HIV to his married woman and others? In septic people. infective HIV is present merely in cells and in some bodily fluids. HIV can be isolated easy from blood. seeds and vaginal/cervical secernments ( including catamenial fluids ) . Blood and seeds are the cells that are most likely to transport HIV. HIV has besides been isolated from chest milk. With much greater trouble. the virus has on juncture. been isolated from spit. cryings. and urine. It is has non been isolated from sweat or fecal matters. The current scientific position is that organic structure fluids other than blood. seeds. vaginal/cervical secernments. and breast milk. contain so small. if any. HIV that they are non of major importance in HIV transmittal between persons. HIV is really delicate outside of the organic structure. so transmission requires direct contact of two substances. fluid incorporating the HIV from an septic individual and susceptible cells ( normally via the blood watercourse ) of another individual. Casual contact includes all types o f ordinary every twenty-four hours. non-sexual contact between and among people. Shaking custodies. caressing. caressing. sharing eating utensils. sharing towels or serviettes. utilizing the same phone and utilizing a lavatory place are all illustrations of insouciant contact. Because HIV is rapidly inactive outside the organic structure. it can non last in unfastened air or in H2O. ( 1 ) Methods that Mr. Thomas can convey HIV to his married woman and others would be any type of blood transmittal or adumbrate sexual contact. Epidemiological information points to three manners of HIV transmittal from individual to individual: from blood. from birth. and from sex. Since Mr. Thomas is male we can traverse out birth. Mr. Thomas can forestall transmittal of HIV to his married woman and others by merely prosecuting in sexual activity with a rubber. and even so there is a hazard of the rubber breakage and so being careful with any types of cuts. unfastened lesions. and contact with others and his ain blood. 2. Mr. Thomas stated. â€Å"What will people believe of me if they know I have AIDS? † How can the nurse explain the difference between being HIV positive and holding AIDS? The nurse can explicate n that Mr. Thomas does non hold AIDS. AIDs are a complication once the immune system can no longer manage contending the HIV infection. HIV is the existent infection itself. AIDS is what happens one time the immune system is compromised taking the manner to other infections that may non impact a normal healthy grownup or kid. but become life endangering to a individual with AID’s. This is caused by the diminished immune systems inability to contend off any infection. 3. Discourse the ethical quandary inherent in this instance. HIV revelation is defined as a ‘complex and multifaceted procedure of doing a voluntary or nonvoluntary determination about whom to inform about one’s position. why. when. where and how’ . This is peculiarly disputing when it comes to informing patients’ sexual spouses. besides referred to as spouse presentment. The three attacks to spouse presentment include: I ) beginning referral. whereby the wellness attention supplier encourages the patients to alarm their spouses themselves ; twos ) provider referral. whereby the wellness attention supplier notifies the spouses with the consent of the patients while esteeming the patients’ confidentiality ; and iii ) conditional referral. whereby the patients in understanding with the wellness attention supplier are supposed to inform their spouses within a given clip frame otherwise the wellness attention supplier will make so ( but without uncovering the patients’ individuality ) ( 2 ) 4. Does the wellness attention supplier have a legal duty to state anyone other than Mr. Thomas that he is HIV positive? If so. discuss. Legally. the nurse can’t tell anyone. â€Å"In tribunal advising an HIV-positive patient’s spouse can be argued in footings of transgressing professional moralss because ethically it is incorrect to unwrap your patient’s consequence or diagnosing to 3rd parties without that individual’s consent. † 5. Any loss. such as loss of one’s wellness. consequences in a grief response. Describe the phases of heartache harmonizing to Kubler-Ross. Denial: â€Å"This can non go on to me! †Anger: â€Å"Why did this happen to me? Who’s to fault for this? † Bargaining: â€Å"Just allow me populate. and I’ll do anything†Depression: â€Å"I am excessively sad to make anything†Credence: â€Å"I’m at peace with what is coming† . 6. Discuss which phase of grief Mr. Thomas is most likely experiencing. Provide examples of Mr. Thomas’s behavior that back up your determination. I believe that Mr. Thomas is sing both denial and choler. In denial. he recognizes that this is so go oning to him but he does non desire his married woman to cognize and that is his refusal to accept what is traveling on. The choler part comes from him faulting his matter for it go oning in which sense he blames both himself and the adult female he had the matter with. 7. What research lab trials are used to corroborate the diagnosing of HIV infection in an grownup? HIV is most normally diagnosed by proving your blood or spit for the presence of antibodies to the virus. A newer type of trial cheques for HIV antigen. a protein produced by the virus instantly after infection. 8. Discourse the map of CD4 T cells and supply an illustration of how the CD4 T cell count guides the direction of HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that’s specifically targeted and destroyed by HIV. A healthy person’s CD4 count can change from 500 to more than 1. 000. Even if a individual has no symptoms. HIV infection progresses to Help when his or her CD4 count becomes less than 200. ( 3 ) 9. Briefly explain the intent of viral burden blood trials in supervising the patterned advance of HIV. The viral burden trial measures the sum of virus in your blood. Surveies have shown that people with higher viral tonss by and large fare more ill than do those with a lower viral burden. ( 3 ) 10. Mr. Thomas expresses a preparedness to larn more about HIV. Discuss the nurse’s initial intercession when get downing client instruction and so discourse the patterned advance of the HIV disease. including an account of primary infection. A. B. and C and four chief types of timeserving infections. There are different phases of HIV infection. Primary HIV infection can demo symptoms that can be confused as the grippe. These symptoms can last for a couple yearss to a few hebdomads and so vanish. Phase 2 is an symptomless phase significance that the patient likely shows small to no symptoms. â€Å"This phase stopping points for an norm of 10 old ages and. as its name suggests. is free from major symptoms. although there may be swollen secretory organs. The degree of HIV in the peripheral blood beads to really low degrees but people remain infective and HIV antibodies are noticeable in the blood. so antibody trials will demo a positive consequence. Research has shown that HIV is non hibernating during this phase. but is really active in the lymph nodes. A trial is available to mensurate the little sum of HIV that escapes the lymph nodes. This trial which measures HIV RNA ( HIV familial stuff ) is referred to as the viral burden trial. and it has an of import function in the intervention of HIV infection. † ( 4 ) Phase 3 is diagnostic HIV characterized by lymph nodes and tissues going for good damaged and the virus get downing to mutate to AIDs due to the inability of the organic structure maintaining up with helper T cell reconstructing as the HIV virus putting to deaths off the assistant T cells. Phase 4 is patterned advance of HIV to AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when any status listed in clinical phase 4 is diagnosed and/or the CD4 count is less than 200 cells/mm3 or a CD4 per centum less than 15. ( 4 ) The ABC’s of HIV are: Abstinence for young person. including the hold of sexual introduction and abstention until matrimony Being tested for HIV and being faithful in matrimony and monogamous relationships Correct and consistent usage of rubbers for those who pattern high-risk behavior ( 4 ) The CDC has listed 24 types of timeserving infections sing HIV. As his nurse I would do certain Mr. Thomas had the information sing all 24. but I would clear up on the 4 chief 1s since he is already exhibiting symptoms of those. Four chief types of timeserving infections in respects to HIV are: â€Å"Thrush: fungous infection of the oral cavity. pharynx. or vagina. Herpes simplex virus: can do unwritten herpes ( cold sores ) or venereal herpes. This is a reasonably common infection but if you have HIV. the eruptions can be much more frequent and more terrible. Mycobacterium avium composite ( MAC or MAI ) – a bacterial infection that can do repeating febrilities. general ill feelings. jobs with digestion. and s erious weight loss Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP ) – a fungous infection that can do a fatal pneumonia. † ( 6 ) 11. Following the nurse’s instruction. Mr. Thomas states. â€Å"How stupid I was to hold that matter. Not merely could it destroy my matrimony. but it gave me a decease sentence. † Share with Mr. Thomas what you know about long-run subsisters. long-run non-progressors. and extremely active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . HIV bearers can transport the virus for a decennary demoing small to no symptoms.There are many different types of care drug therapies to relieve symptoms. and cut down the rate of patterned advance. Antiretroviral therapy can assist procrastinate the patterned advance of the disease. nevertheless. discontinuance of antiretroviral therapy may ensue in viral recoil. immune decomposition. and clinical patterned advance of HIV. Break of HAART is non recommended ( 7 ) . With HAART. patients who have had a positive HIV trial have gone every bit long as 30 old ages with small to no symptoms and no patterned advance of AIDS ( 6 ) . HAART is defined as a drug regimen to accomplish sustained viral suppression. Simplified intervention regimens and diminishing the figure of medicines that patients have to take each twenty-four hours has proven effectual in patient’s attachment to their intervention. Drug companies are invariably happening new ways to unite the inhibitors into 2-3 medicin es versus the extended intervention regimens originally used. Overall attachment rates are still merely 30-50 % in the US. so I would urge extended follow up with Mr. Thomas and his wellness attention suppliers to increase his attachment. 12. Discourse how the nurse should react if Mr. Thomas’s married woman approaches him in the hall and asks. â€Å"Did the trial consequences come back yet? Do you cognize what is incorrect with my hubby? † The nurse must state Mr. Thomas’s married woman that she can non discourse Mr. Thomas’s medical status with her and that she must inquire Mr. Thomas himself. Legally and ethically. the nurse can non give Mr. Thomas’s married woman any information sing his status and diagnosing if Mr. Thomas has specifically asked for no information to be disclosed. which he has. 13. List five possible nursing diagnosings appropriate to see for Mr. Thomas. I chose these 5 for where Mr. Thomas is related to his disease at this clip. 1. Deficient cognition related to HIV infection. agencies of forestalling HIV transmittal. and self-care 2. Hazard for infection related to immunodeficiency.3. Activity intolerance related to failing. weariness. malnutrition. impairedfluid and electrolyte balance and hypoxia associated with pneumonic infections. 4. Social isolation related to stigma of disease. backdown of support systems. isolation processs. and fright of infecting others. 5. Anticipatory sorrowing related t alterations in life style and functions and unfavourable forecast Mentions1 ) Conner. Ross F. . A ; Fan. Hung Y. . A ; Vilarreal. Luis P. Aids. Science and Society. Sixth Edition. 2011. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. LLC 2 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. biomedcentral. com/1472-698X/11/63 ) World Wide Web. mayoclinic. com4 ) World Wide Web. avert. org5 ) World Wide Web. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. org6 ) World Wide Web. AIDSs. org7 ) Smeltzer. Suzanne C. . A ; Hinkle. Janice L. . A ; Bare. Brenda G. . A ; Cheever. Kerry H. Brunner A ; Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. ( 2010 ) . Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins